Publications
The following is a list of publications in which Dr. Jennings was the author or co-author. If you have any difficulty in locating any of these publications, please contact us at this e-mail address (jennings@phase-technologies.com) and we will be pleased to assist you. Please note that you will be able to download two of these publications directly from the publisher by clicking on the appropriate Reprint #. Also listed on this page are the current and previous issues of INSIGHT.
T. A. Jennings, "Application of the Microcomputer to Vacuum Freeze Drying Equipment “, Journal of Parenteral Drug Association, Vol. 32, No. 6 pp. 273-284 (1978).
T. A. Jennings, "Validation of the Lyophilization Process" Proceedings of PMA Meeting held March 1979, pp. 161-176.
T. A. Jennings, "Residual Gas Analysis and Vacuum Freeze Drying", Journal of Parenteral Drug Association, Vol. 34, No. l pp. 62-69 (1980).
T. A. Jennings, "The Effect of Resistivity Probe Design on the Measurement of the Freezing Temperature of Lyophilized Formulations", Journal of Parenteral Drug Association, Vol 34, No. 2 pp. 109-126 (1980).
T. A. Jennings, "Thermal-Analysis Instrumentation for Lyophilization", Med Dev. & Diagnostic Industry, 1980, Nov. pp. 49-57.
T. A. Jennings, "Optimization of the Lyophilization Schedule", Drug & Cosmetic Industry, Nov. 1980, pp. 43-53.
Kathryn S. Leebron and T. A. Jennings "Determination of the Vacuum Outgassing Properties of Elastic Closures by Mass Spectrometry", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 35, No. 3 pp. 100-105 (1981).
T. A. Jennings and Harold Powell "Use of the Vertical Resistivity Cell in Lyophilization", Medical Device and Diagnostic, Vol. 2, No. 3 pp. 35-43 (1980).
T. A. Jennings, "Examination of Real and Virtual Leaks in Vacuum Freeze Dryers", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 36, No. 4 pp. 151-160 (1982)
N. Adeyinka Williams, Yong Lee, Gerald P. Polli and T. A. Jennings "The Effects of Cooling Rate on Solid Phase Transitions and Associated Vial Breakage Occurring in Frozen Mannitol Solutions", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 4 pp. 135-141 (1986).
T. A. Jennings, "Effect of Pressure on the Sublimation Rate of Ice", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 3 pp. 95-97 (1986).
T. A. Jennings, "Validation of Aseptic Pharmaceutical Processes", (F. J. Carleton and J. P. Agalloco, eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1986, pp. 595-633.
T. A. Jennings, “Effects of Real Leaks in Vacuum Freeze Dryers”, Pharmaceutical And Cosmetic Equipment, April 1986, pp 38-39.
T. A. Jennings, "Discussion of Primary Drying during Lyophilization", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 42, No. 4 pp. 95-96 (1988).
T. A. Jennings, "The Value of Lyophilization Data", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol 43 p. 150 (1989).
T. A. Jennings, "A Model for the Effect of Real Leaks on the Transport of Microorganisms into a Vacuum Freeze-Dryer", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 1 pp. 22-25 (1990).
T. A. Jennings and Henry Duan "Calorimetric Monitoring of Lyophilization", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 49, No. 6 pp. 272-282 (1995).
T. A. Jennings, A. Scheer, A. Emodi, L. Puderach, S. King and T. Norton "Inspection Qualification (IQ) and Operational Qualification (OQ) for a Vacuum Freeze-Dryer -Part I: General Discussion", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 50, No. 3 pp. 180-188 (1996).
T. A. Jennings, A. Scheer, A. Emodi, L. Puderach, S. King and T. Norton "Inspection Qualification (IQ) and Operational Qualification (OQ) for a Vacuum Freeze-Dryer -II: Inspection Qualification", Journal of Parenteral Science and Technology, Vol. 50, No. 4 pp. 205-218 (1996).
T. A. Jennings, "Lyophilization in the Twenty-first Century", Biotechnology Laboratory, Oct. 1996, p. 53.
T. A. Jennings, "Effect of formulation on lyophilization - Part 1", IVD Technology, January-February 1997, pp. 38-41. Reprint #1
T. A. Jennings, "Effect of formulation on lyophilization - Part 2" IVD Technology March- April 1997, pp. 42-49. Reprint #2
T. A. Jennings, "Guidelines for Validation of the Lyophilization Process", Journal of Validation Technology, Vol 3, No. 4 pp. 386-391 (1997).
T.A. Jennings, “Lyophilization Seminar Notes” notes
T.A. Jennings, “Lyophilization - Introduction and Basic Principles”
INSIGHT Publications found on this web site
Volume 1
No. 1 Misconceptions regarding the role of the condenser
No.2 Role of Product Temperature in the Lyophilization Process
No.3 Computer Modeling of the Lyophilization Process
No.4 Water Vapor Throughput for A Freeze-Dryer
No.5 Partial Cake Meltback During Lyophilization
No. 6 Use of the Pirani Gauge in the Lyophilization Process
No.7 Which Shelf Temperature During Lyophilization?
No. 8 Getting A Handle on the Freeze-Dryer Door
No. 9 Overview of the Lyophilization Process
No.10 Yes, You have no Eutectic
Volume 2
No. 1 Glossary of Terms for Lyophilization
No. 2 What I Wish I Knew About Lyophilization
No. 3 Validation Part IA - Lyophilization Process - Freezing
No.4 The Core to a Lyophilization Problem
No. 5 Validation Part 1B - Primary Drying Process
No. 6 Role of Other Gases in Lyophilization Process
No. 7 Validation Part 1C - Secondary Drying Process
No. 8 Lyophilization by Trial and Error
No. 9 Validation Part 1D - Product Properties
No.10 The Freeze Dryer Stoppering System
No. 11 IQ of Freeze-Dryer - Part A
No. 12 The Future of Lyophilization
Volume 3
No. 1 IQ of Freeze-Dryer - Part B
No. 2 Eight Most Common Mistakes in Lyophilization
No. 3 Operational Qualification (OQ) of A Freeze-Dryer - Steam Sterilization
No. 4 A General Discussion of the Steam Sterilization of Freeze-Dryers
No. 5 OQ of Freeze-Dryer - Part C
No. 6 Standard Leak Rate for a Freeze-Dryer
No. 7 OQ of Freeze-Dryer - Part D
No. 8 Time for the Continuous Freeze-Drying System is NOW!
No. 9 STEAM STERILIZATION OF FREEZE-DRYERS. DEAD LEGS
No. 10 Summary Reports for OQ and IQ of Freeze-Dryers
No. 11 Completion of the Primary Drying Process
No. 12 Role of the Phase Diagram of Water in Primary Drying
Volume 4
No. 1 Getting Started in Lyophilization
No. 2 The Energy Crisis and Lyophilization
No. 3 When is it frozen?
No. 4 Narration on the American Conference on Lyophilization 2001.
No. 5 Do You Really Know What is in Your Freeze-Dryer?
No. 6 The Pressure of Secondary Drying
No. 7 Transferring the Lyophilization Process from One Freeze-Dryer to Another
No. 8 How does a thermocouple work?
No. 9 The interstitial region of the frozen matrix
No. 10 Chaos with the Manifold Dryer
No. 11 Can we really optimize a lyophilization or freeze-drying process?
No. 12 Other Applications of Freeze-Drying
Volume 5
No. 1 Tales of the Research and Development Freeze-Dryer
No. 2 How Primary Drying Works
No. 3 Enron - A lesson for Lyophilization
No. 4 Moisture Determination in Lyophilized or Freeze-dried Products
No. 5 Supercooling
No. 6 Thermal Analysis - DSC or DTA
No. 7 Don’t Forget the Vacuum Pump
No. 8 Selecting The Right Pressure For Primary Drying
No. 9 Purchasing a Freeze Dryer - Need of a Sanity Check?
No. 10 New Life for Old Freeze Dryers and their Associated Equipment
No. 11 Keeping the Oil Clean
No. 12 How important is the flatness of the shelves of a freeze dryer?
Volume 6
No. 1 Role of Statistics in Lyophilization or Freeze Drying
No. 2 The Importance of Units and Terms in Lyophilization
No.3 Lyophilization Made Easy
No.4 The Effect of the Mushy System
No. 5 Discussion of Lyophilization or Freeze Drying in Trays
No. 6 Why do We Use RTD’s to Monitor the Freeze Drying Process?
No. 7 Problems with Thermocouple Measurements
No. 8 How to Evaluate a Publication on Lyophilization/Freeze Drying
No. 9 A Friendly Discussion on “Why Do We Use RTD’s ... Process?”
No. 10 Old Freeze Dryer – Repair or Replace?
No. 11 Is Lyophilization Deceptive and Devious at Times?